The conflict escalated when Israel declared war in response to a major surprise attack by Hamas. Hamas fighters breached a fortified border fence and targeted civilians and soldiers in Israeli communities along the Gaza frontier. The attack left hundreds dead, including those at a music festival. The Significance of the War Declaration Israel's formal war declaration empowers it to take "significant military steps" against Hamas. The Israeli military intensified its efforts to eliminate remaining militants in southern Israel following the attack, striking over 800 targets in Gaza. The town of Beit Hanoun, which served as a staging ground for attacks, was heavily targeted. Response from the U.S. and Other Nations The U.S. has dispatched the Ford carrier strike group to the Eastern Mediterranean in support of Israel. Preliminary reports indicate U.S. citizens were killed or missing. The U.N. Security Council held an emergency meeting, while Germany considered reviewing its aid for Palestinian areas. Iran expressed support for Hamas, and Egypt attempted ceasefire negotiations. Protection of Civilians The UN Agency for Palestinian Refugees reported 74,000 people in Gaza taking shelter in its schools, as Israel called for border area evacuations. Displaced numbers have grown significantly since the attack. Civilians, including those in schools, faced danger as some civilian infrastructure was hit. What Prompted the Attack Hamas cited sources of tension, including disputes over the Al-Aqsa Mosque/Temple Mount, Jewish settlements, and Israeli efforts to tighten restrictions on Palestinian prisoners. Recent violent protests along the Gaza frontier were also a factor. Hamas seeks Israeli concessions to ease the 17-year blockade on Gaza. Recent Developments in Divided Israel The conflict comes amid domestic turmoil in Israel, with ongoing protests against Netanyahu's proposal to weaken the Supreme Court while he faces corruption charges. The protests have divided society and raised concerns about military readiness due to reservists threatening to stop volunteering for duty. Netanyahu called up reserve forces.